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    • 专利摘要:
    This method calculates the available energy, ED, of any battery, without discharging it, at any temperature Tn and at any time. A family of curves Gn, I of each battery and temperature is generated, discharging batteries of different capacities at a fixed ID discharge intensity. Discharging the battery with the same ID produces a response voltage with which entering Gn, I, ED is obtained. Also its capacity, autonomy, and expected life. When the battery is fully charged, ED is the capacity. Memorizing capacities and their times is the expected life. With the ED and the balance of consumption, autonomy is obtained. The above is automated, connecting to a system that understands; MCU, temperature sensor, arrester, voltmeter, ammeter, interface, etc., obtaining ED. The use of this method allows the optimization of the use of batteries, how to know the autonomy of an EV. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2739535A1
    申请号:ES201900184
    申请日:2019-12-18
    公开日:2020-01-31
    发明作者:Garcia Luis Arturo Parres
    申请人:Garcia Luis Arturo Parres；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001]
    [0002] Method to calculate the energy available in an electric battery at any time in its life, without discharging it, as well as its capacity, autonomy, and expected life.
    [0003]
    [0004] The technical sector
    [0005]
    [0006] This patent belongs to the electrical sector, more specifically to the electrochemical, and specifically to the battery sector, both rechargeable and single-use. Until today there is no known reliable way to find the Available Energy, hereinafter ED, of a battery without having to discharge it, except for that corresponding to the capacity provided by the manufacturer when it is new and at the normalized temperature. The method is calculated at all times of your life; that is, when it has aged, it has made unknown partial discharges since its last load, and all this at any temperature.
    [0007]
    [0008] State of the art
    [0009]
    [0010] There are numerous equipment that use electric batteries for autonomous operation. Unpredictable battery drain can result from discomforts to serious problems depending on the circumstances of the equipment in use.
    [0011]
    [0012] The current problem is the difficulty in knowing the ED of a battery when it ages without discharging it. It is of great interest that this is the case, especially when the energy that still accumulates the battery is needed immediately. It is also interesting to know how the temperature at which it is located or which it will be affects the autonomy of the battery. The state of a battery is affected by multiple circumstances, such as old age, previous cycling, electrochemical stress suffered, partial discharges since the last recharge and the temperatures at which they were made, including the one that the battery has at the time of the analysis, etc.
    [0013]
    [0014] In general, everyone has the experience of mobile phone autonomy, and its accelerated loss at the end of its useful life. When the battery is new, and freshly charged, the screen facilitates the state of charge by displaying 100% data, and usually a small green battery filled in a corner. But when it is old and freshly loaded, the same information also appears and the autonomy is much smaller.
    [0015]
    [0016] Today, the autonomy of a battery at any time in its life is not known a priori. And especially if the battery is going to be affected by an extreme temperature.
    [0017]
    [0018] This occurs because the only available information comes from the voltage measurement, which is not reliable for knowing the ED, capacity, or autonomy. The voltage can sometimes guide the state of charge, which is worth very little if the capacity is unknown.
    [0019] Rarely is the information on the minutes still available from a mobile phone important, although it is not always the case. In general, its charging and use temperature change little, which helps improve predictability. It helps to join the history of use, previous autonomies, expected curve of loss of capacity, etc. That is, it extrapolates history, but it will completely miss the forecast if it is then used in a ski resort.
    [0020]
    [0021] But there are other applications where ignorance of autonomy can be of great relevance. A good example is the electric vehicle, EV, where an error of such information may mean not being able to reach a charging point by the means themselves. Or in the event that such a point is busy or broken, know whether or not the next one can be reached. In the same way it is important to know the real capacity of the batteries in activities where the certainty of the service is also essential, such as nuclear power plants, high-speed trains, airplanes, solar installations, etc.
    [0022]
    [0023] The following example may be illustrative. In February 2019, Chicago recorded temperatures of -30 ° C. This is about 50 ° C difference between the charging temperature and the use of an EV. The loss of capacity with such a difference is of the order of 55% of the remaining capacity. Which meant that many vehicles that were fully loaded and that in the previous days had made a certain route, that day was impossible and they were stopped on many roads without energy. This is the importance of knowing how temperature affects.
    [0024]
    [0025] The aforementioned ignorance implies a preventive and premature change of the batteries to the doubts of the real remaining capacity. Correct information on this parameter can mean great savings, since the battery can work to the limit of its life, without making changes.
    [0026]
    [0027] Once the ED has been calculated, and as a subsequent application, we will be able to calculate the autonomy of the equipment, be it a mobile phone, EV, UPS, etc., it is only a function of the consumption expected from that moment. These needs will be detailed in an Electric Consumption Balance, hereinafter BEC. It is not the object of this patent to analyze the previous Balance or its obtaining, which is taken for granted.
    [0028]
    [0029] Currently, there is no known process or device that offers a satisfactory answer to the exposed problem. That is to say; nothing that provides a reliable solution, without discharging the battery, this last basic condition if the available charge is needed next.
    [0030]
    [0031] Recently, electricity consumption counting devices that improve information are coming out. Some count and memorize the last consumptions and then extrapolate, even accompanied by an algorithm that follows the download curve. But they do not take into account aspects that drastically influence the capacity of the batteries, such as temperature. Note that charging and use temperatures can have large differences. However, we will expose everything we know about the subject.
    [0032]
    [0033] There are different methods to calculate the state of charge, including the state of health or conservation, that is, the operational status of the battery. But they give only approximations to the problem we pose, with great errors and without reliability. Some methods even consist of calculating average values by applying two or more of them in order to try to minimize errors. What only has statistical interest. Those methods that are based on a total discharge of the battery by applying an energy meter, and which makes the battery impossible for immediate use, are completely discarded. They cannot be applied to primary batteries, or of course to those that will change temperature. Without being exhaustive, some of the works consulted are presented below:
    [0034]
    [0035] a) Those that measure the density of the electrolyte. The biggest drawback of the method is that most of the batteries are hermetic, especially the primary ones, so they make their use impossible. In accessible batteries, the electrolyte is acidic, so the method is very inappropriate for the common user because of its danger. It implies the measurement of all the cells that make up the battery, so that in facilities that have a high voltage, and therefore of number of cells, it takes considerable time. Even so, the method is far from reliable. In any case, they are unable to make a prediction if the temperature changes. And in no case of capacity, although they can give an idea of the state of charge. That serves for very little without knowing the capacity.
    [0036] b) Peukert's Law. It is a classic method. It does not consider the temperature. This simple detail disqualifies him. It can be found explained in numerous sites, one of the simplest is: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peukert%27s law
    [0037] c) Sheperd's Law. The same comment can be made. Being classics they are very well known, so we don't give more details.
    [0038] d) Methods based on internal resistance. Apart from the difficulty of data collection, they also do not consider the temperature.
    [0039] https://www.scienceabc.com/innovation/what-are-the-different-methods-to-estimatethe-stateof-charqe-of-batteries.html
    [0040] e) Some recent works (with less than a year and a half), which can be found on the Internet where basic methods such as: https://academicae.unavarra.es/bitstream/handle/2454/21830/TFGGuembeZabaleta.pdf are explained let uence = 1 & isAllowed = v
    [0041] f) There are also numerous patents in the USA on the subject. We refer to those that we understand that add more consistent aspects to our goal, but without achieving it. The next one we mentioned, published five months ago, gathers all the knowledge updated, and in turn refers to numerous previous patents. However, it does not consider temperature changes. In part we will rely on it. This first link appears as published in the USA Bulletin.
    [0042] US Patent No. 10,302,709, May 28, 2019. Shoa Hassani Lashidani et al. https: //pdfpiw. % 2526u% 3D% 25252Fnetahtml% 25252FPTO% 25252Fose rchbool.html% 2526r% 3D1% 2526f% 3DG% 2526l% 3D50% 2526co1% 3DAND% 2526d% 3DPT XT% 2526s1% 3DCadex.ASNM.% 25260a% 3DAN% 2FCa% 3DAN% 2FCa%% 25% 3DAN% 2FCadex g) Next, we show the same patent, in a more comfortable format for printing and reading.
    [0043] US Patent No. 10,302,709, May 28, 2019. From Shoa Hassani Lashidani et al. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacqi/nphParser Sect1=PT01&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2 Fnetahtml% 2FPTO% 2Fsrchnum.htm & r = 1 & f = G & l = 5Q & s1 = 10,302,709.PN. = PN / 10,302,709
    [0044] h) Item plus:
    [0045] U.S. Patent No. 9,692,088 Koba et al. June 27, 2017. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nphParser Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2 Fnetahtml% 2FPTO% 2Fsrchnum.htm & r = 1 & f = G & l = 50 & s1 = 9,692,088.PN. PN / 9,692,088 & RS = PN / 9,692,088.
    [0046] i) Item plus:
    [0047] US Patent No. 7,619,417 Klang 17 NOV 2009.
    [0048] http: //patft.uspto.qov/netacqi/nphParser Sect2 = PTO1% Sect2 = HITOFF & p = 1 & u =% 2Fnetaht ml% 2FPTO% 2Fsearchbool.html & r = 1 & r = 1 & f = G & l = 50 & d = PALL & RefSrch = 2 & Que PN4 = 2
    [0049]
    [0050] On page 12, lines 55 through 58 says literally;
    [0051]
    [0052] "It seems logical that it would be easy to calculate a small capacity of a battery but with current knowledge it has been and continues to be a challenge for the battery industry."
    [0053]
    [0054] That is, at the time this patent was written it was unknown how to find the capacity of a battery. This patent is collected by Shoa Hassani, so there seems to be no progress so far.
    [0055]
    [0056] Additionally, with none of them you can anticipate the behavior of the battery at any time in its life, and especially when the temperature changes.
    [0057]
    [0058] Method Explanation
    [0059]
    [0060] Glossary
    [0061]
    [0062] Many of the terms explained here are known, but it should be specified given the many misconceptions found in many books and publications.
    [0063] a) B, A, W: Generic name of batteries. B is reserved for those that are new, loaded, fully formed and at rest. A is used for equivalent batteries, which are those type B that will have an ED identical to the remaining energy available to the battery W being analyzed. They are called W to those batteries object of this method, with a certain old age, even new, at any time of its life, and at any temperature.
    [0064]
    [0065] Very often in this patent, W and B are the same battery, it is called B when it is new and W when it is old. In this patent, sealed lead acid batteries with glass wool separators, for their acronym in English SLA-AGM, are used as an example.
    [0066]
    [0067] Sealed lead acid-absorbed glass material.
    [0068]
    [0069] b) BEC: It is the Electric Consumption Balance. Note that such balance must be very complete, including any dynamic requirements to the battery, extra opening and closing currents whenever they affect, etc., as well as the predictable temperatures during each charge or consumption.
    [0070]
    [0071] This Balance is usually variable as a function of time. Using the EV as an example, to obtain it you must enter the chosen speed, driving style, weight and load of the vehicle, and the use or not of other consumers. If more autonomy is needed, the BEC can be changed by introducing lower requirements, in order to increase it.
    [0072]
    [0073] Some of the information can in turn be fixed, such as the slopes or slopes of a road to travel, or dynamic, and even alien to our performance, as a variable temperature assumes during that route. The EV is supposed to have access to forecasts. You can provide an alarm if the consumption changes. It is not the object of this patent to analyze or obtain the BEC that is taken for granted.
    [0074] c) Capacity. It is the ability of a battery to, given certain circumstances, transform the maximum possible electrochemical potential into useful electricity. And if it is rechargeable, it also measures its ability to transform electricity into the maximum possible electrochemical potential. It is measured in Ah. It is implicitly understood that the voltage is known. Although what is really considered is always energy. Sometimes it is given as the possible watts for a certain time, with a final voltage Vf and at the normalized temperature. In the latter case, useful energy is promised directly.
    [0075]
    [0076] Differences in the initial capacity of a battery, and the maximum that is reached after some cycles, function of complete formation, etc., are not considered. The capacity decreases when the temperature drops or apparently when the discharge intensity increases.
    [0077]
    [0078] ch) Nominal capacity Cn. It is the initial capacity when the battery is new. It is defined, according to the Standard, as that which allows a discharge In at a time tN, at a temperature Tn, and with a final voltage Vf. So:
    [0079]
    [0080] Cn = In x tN
    [0081]
    [0082] d) Minimum capacity Cm. The Standard defines the lowest acceptable capacity based on the use to which the battery is destined. Cm, usually ranges between 0.6 and 0.8 Cn.
    [0083]
    [0084] e) Remaining capacity Cr of a battery, is that existing at a given time, when part of the expected life has elapsed and some initial capacity has been lost.
    [0085]
    [0086] f) C. It is the capacity of an equivalent battery that is found as a result of this method. It will be equal to or less than the Cn of the analyzed battery. It also has a generic meaning.
    [0087] g) Cn. It is the capacity at temperature Tn of a battery that at T n had a capacity of C n . At a temperature below the norm it is less than C n . There is a curve that relates them. This curve is valid at any time in your life.
    [0088]
    [0089] h) Remaining load. Useful electrical energy is also called charge. When a discharge is partial or if the temperature changes, the charge that is available in the battery is called the remaining charge, the remaining energy, or ED.
    [0090]
    [0091] i) Available energy, ED. It is the maximum energy that can be obtained from a W battery at any time in its life, discharging it until it reaches the final voltage Vf. All batteries, especially rechargeable ones, have a final discharge voltage, which varies according to the discharge intensity. This Vf is the minimum that should not be exceeded, since it implies an irreversible deterioration of the battery. In the primary school, the team simply stops working. At that point there is a certain minimum load, or minimum energy, which is proportionally very small. The concept of ED turns out to be the total remaining energy minus that minimum energy that should not be available to avoid damaging the battery, and which is usually neglected for its relatively very small value.
    [0092]
    [0093] It is easy to calculate. Value that varies for the same battery depending on temperature and discharge intensity, ID. Apparently the ED varies with the ID what is not correct, since what really varies is the autonomy depending on the chosen ID. That is, how to decide to consume ED. When it is known that the battery is fully charged, the capacity matches the ED.
    [0094]
    [0095] j) State of charge. The level or amount of percentage charge remaining in the battery W, compared to the maximum that the capacity at that time allows, is called the state of charge. The capacity has no relation to the state of charge, nor to the open circuit voltage when it is charged. You have to know simultaneously the capacity and the state of charge to know what the ED is. The acronym in English is SOC, estate of charge.
    [0096]
    [0097] k) EV. It is the acronym in English of electrical vehicule, electric vehicle. Usually called 100% electric. If they are mixed they are called hybrids.
    [0098]
    [0099] l) Gn, i. Given a new battery B with capacity Cn, voltage V n, and temperature Tn, this is called a family of curves produced by the same fixed ID I, applied to B and several new batteries of different lower capacities all at the same temperature. The ID is predetermined manually or by the System, and usually varies between 0.1 Cn and 2 Cn Amp. And the capacities between 0'1 Cn and Cn. A possible example is Gn, 10 , which is the family corresponding to the temperature Tn, at which the battery B has a capacity of Cn. A discharge equal to 1'0 Cn Amp is chosen. for the following batteries, which have capacities between 0.3 Cn, 0.5 Cn, 07 Cn, and Cn. These curves allow interpolation. See Figure 1.
    [0100]
    [0101] m) ID, li, In. Intensity of discharge, and also in the plural. The first two spellings are generic. With the difference that, with the second, reference can be made to a set of generic intensities of discharge I i , which by varying the subscript allows to represent several specific intensities. The reference standard is In. It is measured in amps and orientatively in this method varies between In Amp. and 60 In Amp.
    [0102]
    [0103] In SLA batteries, the usual discharges vary between 0.01 and 3 Cn. The norm for knowing the capacity in lead is usually 0.05 C n Amp. in 20 hours When the ID varies, so does the time in which the battery runs out. It is understood that all discharges are made up to a voltage Vf, so that the battery is not damaged. The curves are represented on orthogonal Cartesian coordinate axes that measure the voltage in the ordinates and the time in the abscissa on a logarithmic scale.
    [0104]
    [0105] It should not be forgotten that when a battery is demanded a discharge of I Amp., What is really done is to require energy, that is, watt hours are discharged, since it works at certain volts, and during a certain period of time.
    [0106]
    [0107] n) MCU. English acronym for Micro Controller Unit, ie Micro Control Unit. It includes the CPUs (Central Processing Unit), with one or more multicore microprocessors, memories, algorithms, software, etc.
    [0108]
    [0109] ñ) Standard. It is the set of rules, formulations, criteria, specifications, and technical standards that limit, specify, typify and define the parameters that characterize the batteries. It allows you to easily know and compare its benefits. Among the best known technical standards can be mentioned DIN, JIS, IEC, IEC, BS, UL, MIL, etc. While some focus on technical considerations, others do so on safety of use, etc.
    [0110]
    [0111] The Standard can be dictated by anyone, but it is highly recommended to follow the known ones. In our case, it specifies for each technology the working temperature, the time and intensity of discharge, nominal and minimum voltage at different intensities, normal CN capacity, and minimum, among other things. All measurements and curves must follow this Standard. Each technology and standard involve different curves.
    [0112]
    [0113] o) p. It is the percentage of electrochemical or ED potential, over the total possible E., that has consumed a battery when making an incomplete discharge. Therefore, E. (1 - p) is equal to the remaining ED.
    [0114] p) Electrochemical potential. It is the energy resident in certain chemical substances that correctly activated, can provide electrical energy. The battery is a suitable container that contains a series of products with electrochemical potential, and it is the physical environment where the reaction that transforms such potential energy into electricity occurs.
    [0115]
    [0116] There is no electricity in a charged and isolated battery. There will only be electricity properly when the electrochemical reaction that generates it occurs. And to trigger it, an external circuit connected to it is necessary. Electricity is produced by the chemical reaction that such a connection causes.
    [0117]
    [0118] q) UPS. Acronym for Uninterruptible Power Supply. In English UPS.
    [0119]
    [0120] r) System. Name of the device comprising a set of elements such as MCU, memories, microprocessors, electronic circuits, algorithm processor, voltmeter, arrester, ammeter, temperature sensor, stopwatch, ability to calculate parameters and generate curves, including adapter, corresponding software and hardware, interface, etc., which allows us to report the variables and receive the results. It is also called the Battery Management System, in English BMS. Although this last term is usually used for a much simpler management of control over loading, unloading, and limiter.
    [0121]
    [0122] s) SLA-AGM. Acronym for Sealed Lead Acid and Absorbed Glass Material, which is translated by hermetic acid lead with fiberglass separators. It is the battery technology that this patent uses as an example, since it is possibly the most popular, mature, and with a fairly stable evolution.
    [0123]
    [0124] t) SOC. Acronym for state of charge, which translates as charge status. Of very frequent use in the sector.
    [0125]
    [0126] u) tN. nominal time It is the time, which the Standard sets, that must elapse when the battery B is discharged at intensity I n , at the temperature T n and without the voltage drops below Vf. When referring to generic time values, t is used. If you write tm it means that it is the maximum autonomy time of a battery with capacity C, at a specific ID.
    [0127]
    [0128] Logarithmic graphics are usually applied where the abscissa is the ID, and the orderly autonomy. See Figure 4. Usually tN = 20h is used for lead.
    [0129]
    [0130] v) Tn. Tn It is the temperature that the Standard proposes to measure the normalized values during the base generation of curves. When the temperature varies, the subscript "n" is used generically. Usually Tn is between -30 ° C, and 60 ° C. There is a curve that relates it to capacity. If an Ah battery is required, but at different temperatures, the energy cost will be different.
    [0131]
    [0132] w) Nominal voltage V n . It is defined by the electrochemical technology of battery construction. This voltage or voltage results from the algebraic sum of the normal reduction and oxidation potentials at 25 ° C of the electrodes. Thus, and as an example, it is calculated below for a lead acid battery. In the discharge for a 4 molal concentration of sulfuric acid, the normalized oxidation potential of the positive electrode, cathode, at 25 ° C, is of the order of 1.70 Volts. And for the negative electrode, anode, the reduction potential is about -0'33 Volts. Add 2'03 Volts. You have to subtract the negative. And this is his V n . It can rise or fall with the concentration of acid, hence the measurement of the density of the electrolyte in open batteries gives an idea of its state of charge, since the discharge breaks down part of the acid in water. The charge of the battery involves a circulation of reverse electricity, and cathode and anode will reverse their polarity.
    [0133] x) Maximum voltage Vm is what the battery reaches when it is at rest and fully charged. In this situation it must always be higher than Vn, if not, the battery needs an urgent recharge.
    [0134]
    [0135] y) Intermediate voltage Vv. It is a generic voltage that varies between Vm and Vf.
    [0136]
    [0137] z) Final voltage Vf. It is the minimum that can be achieved in a discharge to prevent the battery from being damaged. At that end point Vf there will still be a certain very small remaining load. The final voltage Vf varies depending on the discharge intensity. See more in i).
    [0138]
    [0139] Theoretical basis
    [0140]
    [0141] This method has its academic origin in an approach that has not evolved so far. A large part of the sector implicitly poses the problem as if the battery were a fuel tank. It is required at any time and condition that the same liters that have been introduced are available. In the case of the battery, the same time amps supplied. And it is not like that.
    [0142]
    [0143] The patented method is valid for both primary and rechargeable batteries, open or hermetic, and of any technology, as long as we discount the memory effect. For secondary batteries, reversibility consists not only of the electrochemical process, but also of the mechanical one, since the active masses must be replaced on the corresponding electrodes when the charging process regenerates them. These reactions are always exothermic, so part of the energy used will be used in heat production.
    [0144]
    [0145] Since the curves Gn, i, are the basis of this patent, they are explained below. Given a new battery B with capacity Cn, voltage V n , and temperature Tn, this is called a family of curves produced by the same fixed ID I, applied to B and several new batteries of different lower capacities, always at the same temperature . The ID is predetermined manually or by the System, and usually varies between 0.1 Cn and 2 Cn Amp. and the capacities between 0'1 Cn and Cn. A possible example is Gn, 1.0, which is the family corresponding to the temperature Tn, at which the battery B has a capacity of Cn. A discharge equal to 1'0 Cn Amp is chosen. for the following batteries, which have capacities between 0.3 Cn, 0.5 Cn, 0.7 Cn, and Cn. These curves allow interpolation. See Figure 1.
    [0146]
    [0147] This method is applicable to any W battery at any time in its life. If the current capacity is known from previous measurements, even if it is outdated, it should be based on that value instead of the capacity value when it was new. However, it is still assumed that no prior information is available. Likewise, and as subsequent utilities or applications there are the following. Once the ED and the BEC are known, autonomy can be calculated at the temperature we want. Even if the temperatures and discharges that occur are variable. When the battery being analyzed is fully charged, the ED provides the capacity. And with the curve of the evolution of it over time, its expected life, provided that the treatment that the battery will receive is similar to that given so far.
    [0148]
    [0149] To choose the IDs, it should be considered that the curves that are produced provide a clear and differentiable response. If the discharge were proportionately very small, the proximity of the response curves to each other would make it difficult to differentiate. Nor should the download be too large as it would imply oversized connections and resistances for the objectives. When an ID is proportionately very high, the apparent capacity decreases greatly because the electrochemical reaction does not have time to complete reaching all the active mass, and to the energy dedicated to produce heat. The heat must dissipate, although the effect here is diminished since the time is very short. Additionally, there is some stress on the battery, and some energy expenditure at W, although this is minimal since again the time needed to perform a discharge can be counted in milliseconds, and rarely reaches five seconds. Pulses of any kind can also be used. The status of the battery should be taken into account as far as it is known to match the ID. It is always a good idea to start with the minimum operational downloads. In general they usually vary between 0.1 C r , and 2 C n Amp. In the case of SLA-AGM, you can start between 0.6 C n , and 1 C n . If the battery is manifestly old it can be lowered to 0.4 C n , and adjusted later.
    [0150]
    [0151] Information and equipment necessary for the analysis
    [0152]
    [0153] It is interesting to have at least the equipment and data listed below.
    [0154]
    [0155] a) The manufacturer informs of the technology used in the manufacture of the battery W, of its nominal capacity C n and of its nominal voltage VN when they were new, curves, etc., and of the Standard that is applied to define the battery, ( DIN, JIS, SAE, etc.).
    [0156] b) A temperature sensor is needed that measures that of the battery W at the time of analysis. This data allows us to know the capacity C n , at that temperature T n when it was new, by means of the corresponding curve.
    [0157]
    [0158] c) A discharger must be available, with appropriate connections to the battery, which allows choosing the IDs that will be of the order of 0'1, 0'6, 1'0, 1'2, 1'4, and 2 C n amps or intermediate. A preferred ID of 1.0 C n , Amp. But you can use any other. Additionally it has ammeter and voltmeter.
    [0159]
    [0160] d) The families of discharge curves corresponding to the temperature T n .
    [0161]
    [0162] e) Logarithmic tables at the different temperatures of the range, which report the autonomy depending on the discharge for each capacity measuring the discharges in the abscissa and the autonomy in the ordinates, differentiating according to technologies and voltage. The final voltage V f of the battery must always be respected following the Standard. An example is included according to Figure 4.
    [0163]
    [0164] f) To calculate autonomy, it is necessary to know the BEC.
    [0165]
    [0166] g) In the event that it is detected that a charger is operating, it must be able to disconnect completely. Variable loads are not allowed at any time during the manual or laboratory analysis. Although in the Industrial Application you can make iterations that allow it.
    [0167]
    [0168] Explanation of method operation
    [0169]
    [0170] Here is how to obtain ED in a simple way, with the help of a basic device. The simplified flow chart according to figure 2 is followed. Subsequently, in the Preferred Embodiment, the manner of automating all this is explained so that it can be used simply by any user. When the analysis begins, two situations can occur. That the battery is in perfect rest, or that it is supporting some discharge. The ammeter clarifies in which case we are. It starts with a battery W at rest according to the following order;
    [0171] 1) The battery technology is known, its capacity Cn, when it was new, its nominal voltage Vn, as well as the Gn curves, ii for the chosen ID.
    [0172]
    [0173] 2) The sensor supplies the temperature of W that turns out to be Tn. The use of the corresponding curve allows to know the capacity of the battery W, when it was new B, at such temperature, which turns out to be Cn.
    [0174]
    [0175] 3) The battery is connected, and the discharger adjusts the initial ID h, following the user's criteria and the recommendations given at the end of the theoretical Base. If there are reasons to think that, given the conditions of the battery, it may have a capacity less than Cn, the ID is adequately decreased. This intensity must be the same as that used to generate Gn, n, and if different, the corresponding curves should be sought.
    [0176]
    [0177] 4) The download begins. The arrester curve is observed for the necessary time, a few milliseconds or, if applicable, seconds, until it stabilizes and a stable voltage V is obtained, and therefore the start of the discharge curve. If this curve is not clear, we will continue testing with some more time or other downloads. Each download involves different curves Gn, I-
    [0178] 5) As an example, Gn, 10 is used, where we search, interpolating if necessary, the curve produced by the discharge I1, = 1.0 Cn Amp., And that begins with the measured voltage Vv. In this example it turns out to be the curve corresponding to 0.4 Cn. See Figure 1. This curve is the one that produces a discharge of a new equivalent battery A, charged, and with a capacity of C = 0'4 Cn.
    [0179]
    [0180] 6) It is concluded that the ED of the analyzed battery W, has a behavior similar to that of an equivalent battery A, new, with capacity C = 0.4 Cn, and fully charged. The searched ED is now known.
    [0181]
    [0182] If this method has been used before, when the battery was no longer new, and the current capacity is known approximately, the latter is used as the starting nominal. So, strictly speaking, only the first time Cn is used. Subsequent calculations start from the last capacity found. So the original capacity is never repeated in successive calculations. Except when we use the method repeatedly to refine the answer.
    [0183]
    [0184] The fact that there is a consumption that is not desired or cannot be avoided is a common situation. An EV is put back as an example. Some consumers cannot be inhibited, such as clock, on-board computer, etc., even if for the test we can stop the most important consumers such as the engine, or the air conditioning. When it is not desired to dispense with a variable consumption, such as that of the motor, instantaneous and perfectly simultaneous values of the ammeter, I2, and the voltmeter, V2 must be achieved. Proceed now as follows.
    [0185]
    [0186] 1) I 2 , V 2 , and battery temperature T n are available .
    [0187]
    [0188] 2) The discharge curve corresponding to I 2 amps and the temperature T n is searched in G n, I2 . As before, we will obtain the one corresponding to an equivalent battery A 2 and with a new and charged C 2 capacity.
    [0189]
    [0190] 3) Next, the additional discharge of 1.0 C n is added, and the previous process is repeated, taking into account that we will now search in G ni3 since the intensity of download is now; I 3 = I 2 + 1'0 Cn. When I 2 is large compared to 1.0 Cn Amp., We can reduce this properly.
    [0191]
    [0192] In theory, the same C 2 capacity should be found again. However, since the battery is not at rest, or balanced, the measurements may be distorted and a different C 3 may be found. We believe that the capacity found on this second occasion is more exact, but it is reasonable to carry out a weighting giving the weight to each one according to what the specific application advises. Or make more downloads.
    [0193]
    [0194] Once the ED has been calculated at the measurement temperature, as a utility or subsequent application, the known autonomy of the BEC can be found. An example is given below.
    [0195]
    [0196] Be it a battery W, with its known ED, or what is the same Ci. The BEC informs that two different consecutive D1 and D2 downloads will be made. The first D 1 , at intensity I 1 and temperature Ti, has a duration of you. It is understood that this discharge does not drain the battery. Then, with the remaining energy in the battery, the second discharge D2 is carried out, which consists of an ID of I 2 , at a temperature T 2 , and for the maximum time that said remaining energy allows. It is interesting to calculate this autonomy.
    [0197]
    [0198] The combination of the proposed downloads allows addressing all possible consumption approaches. The percentage of energy of W that D 1 consumes is then calculated; p.
    [0199]
    [0200] a) With the logarithmic table Figure 4 corresponding to our parameters Ti, Ii, Ci, etc., is the total autonomy time tm, which allows the battery.
    [0201]
    [0202] b) The ti / tmi ratio is the approximate percentage of energy used by Di in time ti. That is p. The remaining energy is i - p.
    [0203]
    [0204] c) Again with the logarithmic table and the curves corresponding to D 2 , I 2 , and T 2 , tm 2 is found. This point informs of the total autonomy time of W with the previous conditions, if it had not previously made the download Di.
    [0205]
    [0206] d) As in the first Di discharge the percentage of energy p has been used, now ip remains, and the remaining autonomy is tm 2 (ip).
    [0207]
    [0208] In the above calculation, the energy value is not known at any stage, but it is usually a sufficient simplification, since the energy Ei used to completely discharge the battery under Di. conditions must be strictly found. Then there is the one consumed by stopping the download at the moment you. This achieves p. The available energy will be, as before i - p. We can also calculate the total E 2 , with the data of D 2 . We affect it by i - p, and autonomy is available, starting from tm 2 backwards, which is the point where the discharge D 2 begins, since the previous part of the discharge curve has been consumed in Di.
    [0209]
    [0210] Using time before introduces a certain error since we don't know the average values of V, more laborious to find in the last section of the curve. A more rapid rapid calculation of E 2 can be performed , assuming the average values of V. Although if we perform a sensitivity analysis it is verified that errors of 2 or 3% in its calculation, introduce small variations in the energy value. It would also be correct to perform an integration. When the method is automated in the Preferred Embodiment, the calculation of the ED is instantaneous.
    [0211]
    [0212] If the method, which achieves more exact values, is applied, the available ED of W is found.
    [0213] D i is downloaded. The method is reapplied and the new remnant ED is known, which in turn gives autonomy. It may happen that the temperature changes during any of the discharges, which can be easily considered, and much more if it is done automatically by a device.
    [0214]
    [0215] Finally, we present here two additional utilities or subsequent applications.
    [0216]
    [0217] When the battery being analyzed is fully charged, the ED provides the capacity. And with the curve of the evolution of it over time, its expected life, provided that the treatment that the battery will receive is similar to that given so far.
    [0218]
    [0219] Brief Description of the Drawings
    [0220]
    [0221] Four figures are included that help to understand the method. They are particularizations, so they can be replaced by others with some variations without losing validity or affecting the scope of the above.
    [0222]
    [0223] Figure 1 shows a family of discharge curves G n, i'ocn , of a new battery B, at the temperature T n , and with an ID, I = 1.0 C n Amp. If the same discharge I is now applied to the battery W, the initial response voltage V v generates a curve that is 0'4 C n.
    [0224]
    [0225] In Figure 2, a simplified flow chart is depicted that exposes the flow to find ED, known data defining the W battery. This diagram is not entirely made for the sake of clarity of exposure. For example and to simplify, the steps that apply to V i asking about stability, cycle counter etc., have been saved in V 2 and V 3 .
    [0226]
    [0227] Figure 3 shows a simplified diagram that follows the automated process of the patented method applied to a device, that is, of the Preferred Application.
    [0228]
    [0229] Figure 4 shows an example of logarithmic tables at 25 ° C that report autonomy based on intensity and capacity.
    [0230]
    [0231] Preferred embodiment
    [0232]
    [0233] The objective is to manufacture a device that uses the exposed method to find the ED of a W battery. The simplified flow chart according to Figure 3 can be followed. It can be portable or not, and with change capacity depending on the characteristics of the different batteries that you want to analyze in certain ranges of voltages or capacities. Or adapted from the beginning to a specific battery, which is a much simpler equipment.
    [0234]
    [0235] A System is required that includes an interface, an adapter, a arrester, temperature sensor, voltmeter, ammeter, stopwatch, an MCU capable of recording, memorizing and analyzing the curves produced by the arrester and comparing them with those in memory through algorithms provided, etc. It is enabled for the technology and Standard specified by the battery manufacturer. The steps are followed:
    [0236]
    [0237] A) The manufacturer first reports the battery technology, as well as its Cn capacity, its nominal voltage Vn, curves, etc. when I was new B.
    [0238]
    [0239] B) All data is entered into the System through the interface. And once the battery is connected, the analysis begins. There are batteries that, when connected, transmit all its characteristics to the System. All this will not be necessary when Always perform the application on the same battery, as with an EV or on a mobile phone.
    [0240] C) The ammeter checks if the battery is at rest. Initially it is considered yes.
    [0241] D) The sensor supplies the temperature at which the battery is, Tn. With this temperature and the corresponding curve resident in the memory that relates the capacities and temperatures, the System specifies the capacity Cn, which corresponds to B, that is W when it was new, and which is the best approximation of what we have in the first analysis.
    [0242] E) The System, following the instructions stored in it, chooses the initial discharge intensity Ii. This discharge can feed a super capacitor and use the energy accumulated later.
    [0243] F) Once the System obtains a stable response voltage Vi, look at Gn, ii, interpolating, if necessary, the curve that begins with the voltage just measured. This curve is the same that produces the discharge of a new equivalent battery Ai, charged, and with a capacity of Ci.
    [0244] G) With the known ED, the System may choose to display it on an interface, or supply it to the following equipment for subsequent application. It integrates with great simplicity in the device we already have.
    [0245] The System verifies that there is a continuous and stable discharge. If not, you must measure instantaneous and simultaneous values. The ammeter makes it easy for the System to consume the I 2 , the voltmeter the voltage V 2 , and the sensor the battery temperature W, Tn. And calculate Cn. Then follow the steps that are specified.
    [0246] 1) Search Gn, I 2 for the discharge curve corresponding to V 2 , I 2 amps and the temperature Tn. As before, you get the one corresponding to an equivalent battery A 2 , and with a new and charged capacity C 2 .
    [0247] 2) Next, the System adds an additional discharge Ii, calculated previously for the case in which the battery was at rest, and repeats the previous process, taking into account that it must now be searched in Gn, i 3 since the discharge intensity is I 3 = Ii + I 2 . Gets C 3 . If I warn that I 2 is equal to or greater than I 1 , the first will be reduced by adding as appropriate.
    [0248] In theory you should find the same capacity C 2 . However, since the battery is not at rest, or balanced, the measurements may be altered. The capacity found last C 3 is probably more accurate, but it is reasonable to calculate a weight giving the weight to each according to what the specific application advises. The System is qualified to perform this operation, once it has been given the appropriate instructions. Additional consecutive iterative measurements can also be made by changing the download etc. After this calculation, the ED is known, at the measurement temperature, ie the equivalent battery A.
    [0249] As a utility or subsequent application, known as the BEC, autonomy can be found simply and quickly, in the same way already explained. This speed allows once the BEC has been applied, if the resulting autonomy is inadequate due to insufficient, additional searches for new autonomies can be carried out. For which we must modify the BEC, eliminating or reducing the demands that can be reduced. Or accept those proposed by the device.
    [0250]
    [0251] Using an EV as an example, the cruising speed can be decreased. Or the team propose a new one, or a combination of several depending on the profile of the road, and the expected temperatures in the different sections, which allow the required autonomy. It is easy to incorporate into autonomous driving.
    [0252]
    [0253] Another subsequent application is to find the capacity of the battery. If a charge is completed, the system detects that the charger does not supply any intensity or is very small, disconnects the charger and proceeds to calculate ED. Under such conditions the found ED matches the battery capacity.
    [0254]
    [0255] In the case of the bank of a UPS, it allows to quickly know the ED. As it is a device that is usually perfectly charged, disconnecting the charger and loads for a few seconds, said ED turns out to match the remaining capacity. A certain previous rest would be appropriate, but the distortion is always the same, and can be considered.
    [0256]
    [0257] In another subsequent application, the System stores in memory the capabilities found over a period of time, generates a curve and extrapolates it to obtain the expected life. If similar curves are provided for a badly treated and a well-treated battery, it can be interpolated and achieve the same results.
    [0258]
    [0259] The rapid response of this device allows more correct maintenance of the batteries, and even prematurely locate any anomaly. All this means extending your life with the corresponding cost savings.
    [0260]
    [0261] In this case, the Preferred Embodiment practically coincides with the Industrial Application.
    权利要求:
    Claims (10)
    [1]
    1. A method to calculate the Available Energy, ED, in any W electric battery at all times of its life, without discharging it. It also serves to predict the evolution of ED by changing the temperature. The reference "at all times of his life", supposes that the method will be applied after B, the battery when it was new, has spent some time working, having been subjected or not to extreme loads and discharges, not knowing which was the last time it was recharged, or if from that moment there have been partial discharges becoming a used W battery. All this obtainable at the required temperature. This method is valid for both primary and rechargeable, open or hermetic batteries. To apply it, we will need at least the following:
    a) Knowledge of all the parameters that define the battery used W when it was new B.
    b) A suitable connection to a arrester that has a voltmeter, ammeter, and temperature sensor.
    c) Tables and curves of several new batteries of lower capacity, at the working temperature.
    d) If there is any charger, it must be able to disconnect completely.
    Once the test has started, there may be two situations that the ammeter will detect:
    I) That the battery is at rest, isolated, without charge or discharge. It is the ideal situation.
    II) That there is a download that cannot be or is to be avoided.
    It starts with the first possibility. W when it was new had a nominal capacity of CN at the temperature Tn and a capacity Cn at Tn. Be part of such capacity to be the closest to the one with W in the absence of better data.
    We calculate Gn, I1. Given a new battery B with capacity Cn, voltage Vn, and temperature Tn, this is called a family of curves produced by the same discharge intensity, ID, fixed I1, applied to B and new batteries of different lower capacities. The ID is determined as explained below. Each different discharge at each temperature assumes different curves Gn, I-
    The selected I1 Amp discharge is now applied to W. After a few milliseconds or seconds for the curve to stabilize, a response voltage V1 is obtained. This voltage, or another stable one, can be calculated iteratively with identical or different IDs, even pulses, or using more answers to refine the result. Searching in Gn, I1, said response voltage corresponds to that produced by a certain new and charged equivalent battery A1, with capacity C 1 . It is interpolated whenever necessary. ED is now known, and how any change in temperature affects it. And what energy the battery keeps at all times as the temperature changes.
    In the second case there is a discharge current I2, with the voltage of V2. Simultaneous and instantaneous values must be measured. Looking at curves Gn, I2 obtains a capacity C2.
    It is recommended to perform a second download superimposing I1, so the total download will be I3 = I1 I2. Now we look for curves Gn, I3, finding C3. In theory it should be equal to C2. If this is not the case, the statistics are applied with the corresponding adjustments. If it turns out that I2 is large, Ii can be reduced.
    If this method has been previously used on the same battery W, and the last measured capacity is known, the latter is used as the starting nominal. So, strictly speaking, only the first time C n is used. Subsequent calculations start from the last capacity previously found. So the same initial capacity is never repeated, except interaction. This claim also affects repetitive calculations that are used to refine the response.
    To choose the IDs, it should be considered that the curves that are produced provide a clear and differentiable response. If the discharge were proportionately very small, the proximity of the response curves to each other would make it difficult to differentiate. Nor should the download be too large as it would imply oversized connections and resistances for the objectives. When an ID is proportionally very high, the apparent capacity decreases greatly because the electrochemical reaction does not have time to complete reaching all the active mass, and the heat that is produced. This heat must dissipate, although the effect here is diminished since the time is very short. Additionally, there is some stress on the battery, and some energy expenditure at W, although this is minimal since the time required to discharge can be counted in milliseconds, and rarely reaches five seconds. Pulses of any kind can also be used. The status of the battery should be taken into account as far as it is known to match the ID. It is always a good idea to start with the minimum operational downloads. If the battery is manifestly old, the initial ID can be lowered and adjusted later.
    Any kind of iteration is included in the ID calculation, as well as the use of decreasing capacities as W ages.
    [2]
    2. By completing Claim 1a, in this second one the Gn, I curves are claimed, provided they are used to find the ED, including any device that uses them. They are generated as follows. Given a new battery B with capacity Cn, and voltage Vn, the family of curves produced by the discharge of B and new batteries with smaller capacities, which are at a temperature Tn, is called, when the discharge applied to all of them is fixed I.
    [3]
    3. Completing Claim 1a, and as a subsequent application of the method, the use of the ED to, based on the BEC Electrical Consumption Balance, be it static or dynamic, calculate the autonomy.
    [4]
    4. Completing Claim 1a, and as a subsequent application of the method, this third claim is to obtain the capacity of any battery at all times in its life. It is found when it is detected that the battery does not accept more power from its charger, disconnecting it, and calculating the ED, this coincides with the capacity at that time of W.
    [5]
    5. Completing Claim 4a, and as a subsequent application of the method, the use of the calculation of the capacity of W set forth therein to generate a curve of the remaining values of the capacity and the moment of its obtaining, which we keep in memory for , extrapolating, estimate the expected life as long as the battery continues to receive similar treatment to what it has had so far. If there are two curves produced by better and worse treated batteries, which can even be standardized, the expected battery life can be calculated by interpolating between the two.
    [6]
    6. By completing Claim 1a, the automation of the method set forth for manufacturing a device or equipment, which follows the steps described therein, is claimed here. First of all, it is necessary to have a System that includes an adapter, discharger, voltmeter, ammeter, temperature sensor, an MCU with multicore processors, algorithms, memories, etc., and all the necessary software and hardware. The System adequately memorizes the curves provided by the manufacturer, both those that relate capacity to temperature and G n, i , choose the appropriate discharges with the instructions provided, interpolate, and have an interface to inform you of technology, nominal voltage, and nominal capacity, etc., and to report. The use of this invention if it is adapted only for a specific battery, the device is greatly simplified.
    The System receives the information that defines the W battery, and checks if it is at rest or not. If it is, check its temperature T n , and with it calculate the capacity of B when it was new, C n , at that temperature. If this method has been used before, and we know the current capacity at Tn, the system uses this as the nominal starting capacity. Next, choose the discharge following the instructions in its memory, measure the response voltage, and search in G n, ii for the capacity C i of the equivalent battery that produces the same discharge. The total energy that W accumulates will be the ED. If desired, more measurements can be made in order to compensate for some deviation.
    If the battery is not at rest, the System must simultaneously and instantly read the values of intensity I 2 and voltage V 2 . Automatically finds in G n, i2, the capacity C 2 . The System then performs an additional superimposed download of i i , so the total download will be I 3 = I i + I 2 . The System measures the response voltage V 3 again . Now we look for curves G n, I3 , finding C 3 . In theory it should be equal to C 2 . And if this is not the case, the statistics are applied with the corresponding adjustments. If I 2 were large compared to I i , this first can be reduced by adding as interest. In this way the System has calculated ED. Value that can be displayed on the interface or serve other subsequent applications.
    [7]
    7. Completing the 6th Claim, and as a subsequent application, the calculation of autonomy is considered. It is easy to integrate into the System a device that allows using the ED already calculated to find it. For this, the BEC must be available, either static or dynamic, which can be used in two ways. Well introducing into the System the requirements of consumption that we need, and this responds if the available ED allows or not to reach the objective. But you can also first facilitate the objective, and the device propose the maximum possible consumption. Proposal that can be accepted, or even partially modified again.
    [8]
    8. By completing the 6th Claim, the device of this subsequent application will calculate the capacity. It can be integrated into the System with which it shares many of its components. While the battery is recharging, the intensity that the charger provides to the battery is controlled. When the System verifies that the charging intensity is zero or almost, it disconnects the charger and proceeds to find ED, which will coincide with the capacity that the battery currently has.
    [9]
    9. Completing the 6th and 8th Claim and as a subsequent application the expected life can be found, installing software that memorizes the battery's capabilities along with the moment they have been measured. With these points a curve can be generated that is extrapolated to obtain the expected life, provided that the battery treatment is similar to that already received. Two additional curves can be standardized with a better and a worse treatment, which will help to achieve the data.
    [10]
    10. Completing the ia and the 6th Claim any method or device that to find the ED, uses a discharge or several, including any kind of pulse, measuring the response of the battery, affecting it by the curve of variation of the capacity with the temperature , and be based on G n, i ,.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    WO2021123468A1|2021-06-24|
    ES2739535B2|2020-10-07|
    ES2739535B9|2020-12-02|
    引用文献:
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    WO2019225032A1|2018-05-21|2019-11-28|古河電池株式会社|Method for ascertaining capacity of storage battery, and capacity-monitoring device|
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    ES201900184A|ES2739535B9|2019-12-18|2019-12-18|METHOD AND SYSTEM TO CALCULATE THE ENERGY AVAILABLE IN AN ELECTRIC BATTERY AT ANY TIME IN ITS LIFE. WITHOUT DOWNLOADING IT, AS WELL AS ITS AUTONOMY, CAPACITY. AND LIFE REMAINING|ES201900184A| ES2739535B9|2019-12-18|2019-12-18|METHOD AND SYSTEM TO CALCULATE THE ENERGY AVAILABLE IN AN ELECTRIC BATTERY AT ANY TIME IN ITS LIFE. WITHOUT DOWNLOADING IT, AS WELL AS ITS AUTONOMY, CAPACITY. AND LIFE REMAINING|
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